Education Sector & Collective Bargaining Research Paper

Education Sector & Collective Bargaining - Research Paper Example Furthermore, as move towards the statistics provided for the grade 8 and grade 12 students, a visible trend appears. All others states, which prohibit collective bargaining, remain at the bottom but Virginia also keep falling down in the ranking (English, 2011). According to the researches regarding the salaries of teachers, especially in the public schools, most teachers are paid with single salary schedule. Regardless of which grade and subject they teach the criteria for determining their salary remains the same, which depends heavily on their degrees, qualification, and their years of service. There are almost no schools or teachers with bargain on other factors such as difficulty of the job, working with at risk children, working conditions, previous performance, or time required by the children, researches required, and others (English, 2011). The concept of merit based pay is still far way in education sector, however, in other sectors, merit based pay is an existing and growi ng phenomenon (Hannaway & Rotherham, 2006). Nevertheless, as one move up the hierarchy of education undergraduate, masters level education and so on, the power to bargaining the salary with experience and educational qualification increases. There are fewer teachers for higher education, thus they are able to exercise significant power over the bargaining power duties (Moo, 1999; Imber & Geel, 2010). Collective bargaining in various industries and professions involving measures such as strikes and walkouts; however, they cannot be applied in the same way in the educational sector. This is true because professions of doctors, teachers, and law enforcement... As the report stresses it is interesting to note the impact of collective bargaining power on educational levels and performance of students. According to the recent statistics provided by â€Å"National Assessment of Educational Progress of the 52 American Jurisdictions†, Virginia is only American, which prohibits collective bargaining in education sector and still ranks at the seventh position when it comes to assessment of grade 4th students in reading. Furthermore, out of the top 30 states in this list, Virginia is the only one to prohibit collective bargaining. This paper declares that most teachers are paid with single salary schedule. Regardless of which grade and subject they teach the criteria for determining their salary remains the same, which depends heavily on their degrees, qualification, and their years of service. There are almost no schools or teachers with bargain on other factors such as difficulty of the job, working with at risk children, working conditions, previous performance, or time required by the children, researches required, and others. The concept of merit based pay is still far way in education sector, however, in other sectors, merit based pay is an existing and growing phenomenon. Collective bargaining in various industries and professions involving measures such as strikes and walkouts; however, they cannot be applied in the same way in the educational sector. This is true because professions of doctors, teachers, and law enforcement agencies provided important and urgent services to the society.

Damage That Has Been Done to Children of Divorce Essay Example for Free

Damage That Has Been Done to Children of Divorce Essay When a marriage is not working, there is a breakdown of communication, common goals, or trust, and often this ends in divorce. A divorce is a very painful process with detrimental effects on children that are involved (Wienstock 5). The general trauma of a divorce and the level of severity it has on a child are mainly due to the childs age when a divorce takes place. The psychological effects are normally considered long term and the hardest to deal with for children involved (Persons 1). The easiest of all effects of a divorce is a child is behavior outburst normally displaying aggression and a feeling of not caring about anything or anyone anymore. The general effects of a divorce can affect everyone involved, but often the children will show the stress and emotions of a divorce more openly that an adult would. The fear of abandonment and losing one of the parents is devastating on a child (Wienstock 3). How a children perceives their homes normally sets the level of damage children are going to have to cope with through out the divorce and thereafter. If a child perceives the home as stable, they may handle a divorce well, but if a child perceives a home as freighting and scary place, they may try to avoid dealing with it at all. The trauma that a child endures will probably be worse than a child in a stable household environment. The most important issue that affects the level of perception and a level of damage is the age of a child when the parents divorce (Wienstock 3). Younger children will normally take a divorce of their parents more personally and handle it worse than an older child would. The psychological effects are more categorized as long-term effect that leave the children feeling responsible and blaming themselves for the guilt of a divorce everyone going through. Most children exercise a sense of loss during a divorce that can only be compared to as lost of a loved one (Children of Divorce 4). Feeling of rejections and loneliness normally confuses a child to the point of depression and some times suicide. The struggle as a child trys to keep in contact with the absent parent without  offending the parent that they are still are with becomes stressful and some times damaging to a young child (Wienstock 4). The deepest of all emotions is anger, and it is the easiest to recognize in older children that are coping with a divorce (Persons). The anger is normally turned toward both parents and sibling in the household (Wienstock 4 5). The behavior change in a child is almost immediate after the announcement of a divorce. The behavior outburst and disruption in a childs life are signs that a child is having a hard time dealing with the idea of parents splitting up. Academic problems with school activities and grades and physical displays of anger are the first of behavior effects to be seen in a family that is falling apart (Wienstock 5). Older children and even younger children are turning to drugs and alcohol to cope with the emotional stress of losing one of the parents in the household . Girls tend to become sexual active with older partners, as they long to find a father like figure to replace the parent that is no longer a direct part of their lives (Wienstock 5). Boys tend to have shorter relationships refusing to get close for fear of being rejected again as they might have felt when their mother left them with his father as a child during a divorce. These children are just trying to find someone that they feel will not abandoned them as they feel their parents have done to them. The painful process that is broken into stages is navigated by a child and adults alike that have been subject to a divorce. The loss of the other parent is compared by most specialists to a death of a loved one. In therapy, the psychological effects in children are normally over looked as a child grows up and into adults themselves. These children typically are found to have poor relationships and an unbalanced social life as they struggle to find where they belong in this world. The physical effects that affect everyone are the choices that children make while thinking that they will never survive the divorce. Drugs, alcohol, and the sexual behaviors of the older children are just a few effects that a divorce can have on the children. The poor decisions of the current generation to enter in to marriage lightly at such a young age, leaves our society open for a generation of emotion basket cases of parents to raise the our future  generations..

Arguments For and Against Open Borders

Arguments For and Against Open Borders To what extent do states have the right to exclude foreigners from settling within their borders? This question is concerned with the relationship between states and their members. In debates on immigration, there are usually two positions. One view is the movement of people between states should be completely free thus borders should be open. The other view is that states have a right to exclude foreigners from settling within their borders. On the face of it, the right to exclude looks morally contestable as it involves substantial state force. For instance, criminalising individuals for unauthorised border crossings and it involves forcibly preventing people from getting things that they might desperately need like a better life for them and their family. As these factors are usually considered to be morally wrong, then can such a right to exclude be morally justified. Within this essay, I will exhibit both positions from the perspectives of Joseph Carens and David Miller. I will argue that states do not have a right to exclude. Firstly, I will demonstrate the argument from Joseph Carens for open borders thus disagreeing with the statement that states have a right to exclude. Advocates for open borders are not arguing for wholly elimination of borders but rather for changes in how those affected might move across them and in how they are understood. Carens claims that there is no right for states to unilaterally control their own borders as he believes that â€Å"borders should generally be open and people should normally be free to leave their country of origin and settle in another† (Carens, 2013,225) He contends that states’ rights to exclude outsiders from settling in their borders are incompatible with our basic values and commitments. One being freedom. Immigration restrictions are a serious infringement on freedom, especially on freedom of movement. This freedom both good in itself as it is an expression of autonomy and it is also instrumentally valuable as it enables individuals to improve their prospects if they have the ability to move to a more advantageous location. The other being fundamental moral equality. Immigration restrictions enforce huge inequalities of opportunity. Freedom of movement is essential for equality of opportunity and this explains our intuition about the wrongness of feudalism. Carens provides an analogy where he compares contemporary states’ practice of border control to medieval feudal societies. He is claiming that being born in a rich state for example, Europe and North America is like being born into medieval nobility and to be born in a poor country is like being born into peasantry. This is applicable to now with the deductions that your place of birth determines your initial prospects and that states prevent you from trying to improve your situation by moving to another country. The â€Å"modern practice of state control over borders tie people to the land of their birth almost as effectively (as feudal practice)† (Carens,2013,226) Carens believes that since we endorse freedom of movement with society, we should endorse it with respect to outsiders too. Following this, freedom of international movement should be considered as a basic human right. Caren’s also provides another argument which is the idea that if you are committed to uncontroversial human rights you should be committed to there being a human right to cross borders. For instance, an uncontroversial right would be the right to freedom of movement within one’s own country. As Carens puts it â€Å"if it is so important for people to have the right to move freely within a state. Isn’t it equally important for them to have the right to move across state borders† also â€Å"every reason why one might want to move within a state may also be a reason for moving between states† (Carens,2013,239) for example love, job, religion, cultural opportunities. This is stating that every reason in which an individual might have for moving within a country can also be applicable to move across state borders. Although Carens does believe that these arguments provide a strong case for states to have open borders, nonetheless he does acknowledge that some immigration restrictions can be justified. He claims that we cannot justify them by appealing to a state’s right to decide but there could be other justifications that appeal to other considerations that are compatible with viewing all individuals as having equal moral worth. For instance, extreme overcrowding or serious security threats. From this I will now look at the perspective that states do have a right to exclude. In contrast, David Miller objects to Carens position. He argues from a restrictive perspective and contends that states do have a right to exclude. Miller’s main claim is that there could be ‘cases in which nation states could be justified in imposing restrictive immigration policies’ (Miller,2014,363) Miller provides objections to Caren’s argument for the case of open borders. One is on the argument from a human right to internal freedom of movement. He questions actually how much movement is required by this right â€Å"What is less clear†¦is the physical extent of the right, in the sense of how much of the earth’s surface I must be able to move to in order to say that I enjoy it† (Miller,2014,365) He argues that Carens is not clear about the physical extent of the right for instance how much of the earth’s surface can we move in order to enjoy the right? Miller points out that the internal right to movement is actually subject to lots of restrictions that seem acceptable for example parking regulations, private property etc. His view is that the right to movement protects an adequate range of options not a maximal range of options. He provides a distinction between basic freedoms and bare freedoms. Basic freedoms are those necessary for a minimally decent life and bare freedoms are those not necessarily for a minimally decent life. Carens suggests that the right to freedom of movement is a basic freedom. Whereas Miller counters this to argue that as long as your state gives you an adequate range of free movement, your human right is satisfied and you do not have a general claim to immigrate to another state of your choice thus a bare freedom. Miller also provides a positive case for the right to exclude. According to Miller’s view, individuals don’t have a general right to immigrate. One reason for this is to preserve culture. He believes that states have a legitimate interest in preserving the political culture and or controlling how that culture changes over time for instance the role of language in maintaining a public culture for example if a lot of English people move to Thailand how would that affect the native language. Another reason is that the role of immigration restrictions plays an important role in curbing the population growth both globally and nationally as immigration can cause all sorts of problems. For instance, the natural environment can be jeopardised by overcrowding, also increase in climate change and resource consumption. On the other hand, what about cases of refugees fleeing persecution or starvation? Miller is targeting general claims about right to immigrate, he does acknowledge that there are more extreme cases of immigration. He contends that they do potentially have a right to enter another state due to their basic freedoms and interests are not being met by their state. However, this is not a general right to immigrate to any state of your choice, you only a right that some state let you enter rather it is a remedial right. It only exists if people are acting wrongly so for Miller, in a just world people would not have it. However, what about people who don’t even have the minimum, do they not have the right to immigrate? Miller would respond to this by agreeing they do have a right but it depends. Wealthy states are either obliged to either allow such persons to immigrate or aid them in their home country. Millers argues that it is more preferable to aid people in their home country. As immigration is unlikely to help the very worst off due to them not being able to afford to move and it might actually harm them. This is what he calls the brain drain problem which is where people with desired skills sets in a less well-off country getting paid more in the new country they immigrated to but leaving people behind who don’t have the skills left so are deprived. In conclusion, I have exhibited two perspectives to the question as to whether states have the right to exclude foreigners from settling within their borders. Joseph Carens who argues that states do not have a right exclude and instead argues for open borders. In contrast David Miller argues from a restrictive perspective arguing that to a certain extent they do have a right to exclude. Following this, I have come to the conclusion that states do not have a right to exclude thus agreeing with Caren’s perspective that immigration restrictions infringe our human right of freedom. Bibliography: Carens J (2013) ‘The Ethics of Immigration’ Chapter 11 – The case for open borders pgs 225-239 Miller D (2014) ‘Immigration: The Case for Limits’ in Andrew I. Cohen and Christopher Heath Wellman (eds.), Contemporary Debates in Applied Ethics, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, (2nd ed.), pp. 363-376

Postmodernism in Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran

Where does truth lie? Postmodernism is a literary movement of the twentieth century that attempts to show that the answer to this question cannot be completely determined. Characteristics of postmodern works include a mixing of different genres, random time changes, and the use of technology that all aid in presenting a common postmodern theme that truth doesn’t lie in one story, place or person. The novel Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer encompasses these postmodern characteristics combining together show how the truth cannot always be attained. Intertwined within the novel is the presence of many different genres including letters, articles and magazine clippings, and pictures. At first sight there is the whole book, a novel written in Oskar’s point of view, which tells of his trials and tribulations growing up in a post-September eleventh world. After closer examination, numerous letters from different characters are found placed within the story to provide an insight into the feelings of other characters. There is a letter from Oskar’s grandmother, letters from prisoners and other people for handwriting samples, and letters from Stephen Hawking among many. Also within the book are magazine and newspaper articles that relate to the story in different ways. For example the article about Chandra Levy parallels Oskar’s story of loss and continuous search. The other articles are apart of the game Oskar played with his dad. Oskar’s dad circled newspaper articles in red as clues to the answer to a se arch for item. Finally tactically Foer placed pictures relating to the novel throughout the book. The picture of the â€Å"Sixth Borough† (or lack of it) complements the story of the sixth borough and the picture ... ...of others. In today's society, the Internet is the primary means by which people search for "truth†. Foer tries to point out that in the society based on the truth still cannot always be found. Through the use of many postmodern characteristics Foer has created a book that concerns with the questions, where does the truth lie? And how does someone obtain the truth? At the end of the novel Oskar never really finds what he was looking for, His questions are all left unanswered. By ending in this manor Foer suggests that the truth can’t be found not every question has a yes or no answer. People can choose to go through life constantly attempting to achieve the answers to life or they can choose to accept things for what they are. Truth can be defined as the body of real things, events, and facts. But knowing the definition still leaves the question does truth exist?

The Call For Rehabilitation Health And Social Care Essay

This paper will turn to issues that call for rehabilitation. The issues include ; Drug maltreatment, street households, political instability, sexual issues, societal relationships fiscal issues, Death, Crime, old age, National calamities terminal unwellness and accident. We will further discourse the causes, effects and give necessary redresss.2.0 ISSUES THAT ARISE IN REHABILITATION2.1 Drug abuse/ substance maltreatment drugs are substances whether in signifier of drink, nutrient, medical specialty, fume, injection pulverization or exhausts which when taken into the organic structure through the oral cavity, nose or clamber, upset the biochemical system ( working ) of the organic structure and particularly the nervous system. Examples of normally abused drugs include stimulations, Sedatives, Hallucinogens inhalants, steroids and narcotics. Stimulations are drugs that affect the nervous system and distribute up the operation of the encephalon. These are drugs like miraa, bhang and cocaine, the stimulating consequence make the user experience good and alarm? Sedatives are drugs that act on the cardinal nervous system. They are used as depressants. They cut down tenseness and hearten up the user. Example of sedatives includes intoxicant, opium ( bhang ) and heroine. Hallucinogens are drugs which cause hallucinations that is hearing or seeking something that does non be. Example of this drugs is Marijuana. Inhalants are drugs inhaled by users for illustration gum, methylbenzene, gasoline, butane and snuff. Narcotics are drugs that affect temper or behavior for illustration heroine, cocaine and morphia. Peoples who are addicted to utilize of these drugs may demo the undermentioned marks ; aggression, anxiousness, depression deficiency of coordination and concentration, increased blood force per unit area and bosom rate, deficiency of appetite restlessness, loss of memory and damage in larning. Low self- regard and Loss of assurance, musculus hurting and tummy spasms.2.2 Street householdsStreet households are yet another issue which arises in rehabilitation. The province of stateless kids particularly in urban subsiding is high. This is because of dislocation in household support systems and difficult economic state of affairss. Street kids in Kenya are referred to as â€Å" Chokora ‘ . They live in little groups and are ever whiffing gum, and frequently perceived as unsafe. Due to miss of attention and counsel, some of them grow to go difficult nucleus felons, drugs pedlars and hire for slaying ‘ packs. They are hopeless and this has a negative impact on a kid ‘s physical, educational and emotional development. The kid ‘s life lacks continuity, privateness, consistence cleanliness, permanence and belonging. This finally consequences in unacceptable behaviors such as moving low, combat, restlessness, depression and low defeat tolerance. Most street kids are normally ill-fed and may demo delayed development and physical jobs. They are likely to endure from anxiousness, may be abused physically or psychologically such kids do non travel to school and when they do, they are normally marginalized by fellow pupils and instructors due to their idiosyncrasies therefore need for rehabilitation.2.3 Political instabilityThis refers to state of affairss that arise as a consequence of discord between different categories of persons in society. This besides consequences from inappropriate political policies, clime alteration, nutrient deficit, population detonation every bit good as inordinate dependence on external trade. Political instability can ensue from a famine state of affairs. This arises from drouth or devastation of harvests by disease and animate beings which will ensue to people endeavoring for the barely available 1s therefore political instability. Tribalism and nepotism. This refers to a state of affairs where a individual uses influence or place to prefer people from his folk or kin in public place. This leads to discontentment that causes discord. It can besides originate from unjust allotment of national resources. Corruptness and misdemeanor of human rights. This is experienced when persons get involved in peculation, greed for power unemployment. Greediness for power particularly causes civil discord.2.4 Sexual Related issuesThe sexual related issues come in different signifiers. They include ; Sexual torment. This consequences from single who molest particularly misss or female gender sexually. Incest: This is a instance of relations acquiring involved in sexual intercourse which may originate from sexual mental instability or even usage of drugs. Sexual add-on that consequences from either moral eroding or influence of drugs that arouse one ‘s emotional and physical strengths towards sex.2.5 Terminal unwellness.Terminal unwellness may come in different ways. These will include malignant neoplastic disease, bosom and kidney jobs, HIV/Aids, physical damage. These consequences from the undermentioned facets. Inheritance: the familial factors may do such diseases as blood malignant neoplastic disease. They may do lasting cicatrixs in persons may necessitate guidance. Accident: these may besides do lameness an person will hold to populate with. Deformity of the organic structure or even being a beginning of a bodily disease people requires encouragement in such incidences.Domestic force and physical maltreatment.The cause of force are on the rise whether domestic or group. Peoples have been affected emotionally due to this. Domestic workers are the major victims which are widening to adult females and kids. Such victims require that they get involved in rehabilitation to minimise the effects originating from them.2.6 Condemnable instancesThis is a by and large agreeable aberrant behavior in society. They range from burglary, carjacking. They are caused by the undermentioned factors ; Deprived vicinity. Economically destitute vicinity may engender condemnable heads. They seem to envy and seek to steal in order to have. Peer group influence: This normally consequences from persons who have been involved in offenses enticing their closest brothers. Lack of religion in an person ‘s abilities and believing plenty in one ‘s internal arm. These include logic and ground. Lack of love. This consequences from persons raised in dysfunctional households, disadvantaged background, a feeling of favoritism. A combination of all these impel an person to affect in offense. Lack of parental control, supervising and monitoring. Parents who do non supervise the tendency and behavior of their kids and up in condemnable universe. Poverty: society has indoctrinated us to believe in the position of wealth as a step of success. Lack of it or as people want more and more can take to offense when acquiring them is difficult therefore a short cut of stealing is the best. Poor judgement: deficiency of proper instruction and great existent theoretical accounts leads to persons non cognizing the right from incorrect largely, offenses do non look to make anything incorrect from their point of position but it is right.2.7 Financial related issues.Finance normally contributes to success of persons in life. Lack of it can besides do serious effects. Financial issues may lift from ; Loss of a occupation. When an single loses a occupation and if it is the lone beginning of income leads to a serious favoritism in life. This calls for rehabilitation guidance. Collapse of concern: this can besides be beginning of defeat in life particularly if it is the lone beginning of income. Unemployment. Many alumnuss leave with high expectancies of geting a occupation instantly. If it is non realized, it has serious reverse in life. This calls for the rehabilitation. Embezzlement. This can originate from overspending money particularly when it is at that place non retrieving that tomorrow it at that place. When it misses it through persons into entire confusions. Health measures: persons with really immense medical measures end up disbursement to the last penny of it go forthing nil at manus. If by bad deficiency persons ( the sick ) base on balls on, foliages on them non merely the decease cicatrix but besides earnestly strained in fundss.2.8 DeathThe incident of this nature can convey out sorrowful incidences in the household of believed 1s. This will accordingly name for rehabilitation guidance. Death is caused by the undermentioned facets ‘Illness: persons can be sick which eventually causes decease.Accidents: when people are involved in an accident they will either be injured or decease immediately or thenceforth. It may be route accident, accidents that involve machines. Drug maltreatment: the substance maltreatment may besides do decease. This means the overdose of drugs. The nuts besides portion centers for shooting drugs such as cocaine into the blood system. Some are infected with HIV/AIDS which may be transmitted. Due to hapless or even distressing conditions that this people live under they so die. Death can besides be caused by homicides, race murders or self-destructions.2.9 Natural catastrophesThese are events that occur and are beyond human control. They include drought, temblors, epidemics, inundations storms. They normally leave behind a batch of desolations. Peoples die, belongingss are destroyed or even paralysing the economic system. In the event that they occur, so single victims require to be rehabilitated in order to get by with world.2.10 Ages:Persons who have advanced in age may be given to experience so bare and abandoned. Some complication may attach to age such as ocular and hearing damages. This may necessitate to be addressed and the lone manner they can be made is through rehabilitation guidance.EFFECTS EMERGING FROM THE ABOVE ISSUESEmerging from the above would be several effects. They include ; Mental unwellness: The unwellness can originate from substance maltreatment that may be irriversable. This is why it calls for rehabilitation. The street households will besides impart to petty offenses in the streets where they dwell. They to a really big extent involve in this as a manner of gaining their life. They besides dirtily the streets. Political instability lead: to internally displaced persons. It besides mains and wounds others. They besides lend to belongings devastation. Accidents that lead to decease besides end up traumatising others. They may besides do lefty measures of medical related. Natural catastrophes besides cause devastations, supplanting of people. They may besides take to diseases such as the H2O – borne diseases as cholera Drug maltreatment besides may take to socially dysfunctional societies. Wayward kids, pervert and kids w Ho are morally decayed. A coevals of hopelessness and desperation. Sexual related instances besides cause injury to the colza victims. They feel affected in the actions and the cicatrix is about lasting.REMEDIES TO THE ISSUESThe above mentioned issues necessitate to be tackled so as to control them in society. The following are the proposed redresss for issues ; In the instance of political instability there is demand for transmutation aims including ego sufficiency in nutrient production, poorness decrease, and sustainable growing in all sectors. It besides requires authorising of people through the basic entree to basic production particularly the land, capital, and creative activity of employment chances for the young person. There should be a form of wealth distribution to all topographic points. Guidance and guidance besides should be at the Centre for the above. The instances that are already at the extreme and require that they need to be rehabilitated to convey them back to usually. Some catastrophes which are related by adult male such as the environmental debasement demand to be addressed and environmental preservation. This will keep cut down facets such as drouth so controling dearth. The rehabilitation centres to be established through out the state. This will assist reconstruct persons who have be en affected and are beyond counsel and reding degree. They need to be good equipped with the installations and forces who are good trained to assist the victims stabilize socially emotionally, physically and even spiritually. Capacity edifice is another facet to be enhanced. This will assist make consciousness in the society as whole on the ways of forestalling the issues such as substance maltreatment, sexual related 1s every bit good as the accommodation of persons to occupation loss, retirement, convulsion unwellness every bit good as promotion in age. It will besides affect esthesis of persons on how to cover with them merely in instance they arise. Capacity edifice will besides assist persons to cognize the nature of side effects when for case people abuse the substance or drugs. Legislation. The Torahs sing the wrongdoers need to be more rigorous in order to populate people from acquiring involved in such instances as the drug cyberspace mob where they sell them to the young persons in the metropoliss, small towns and larning establishments. It will besides assist to control junior-grade offenses in the society if good utilised. Authorization. All people should be empowered through wealth creative activity methodological analysiss. The young person should be initiated into authorization chances which will prosecute them in order to avoid their engagement of either in the junior-grade offenses or 500 carpet maltreatment. This will besides do them see ground in development instead than devastation. Environmental issues that end up doing instances such as drouth ensuing to famine ought to be addressed through environmental preservation. Peoples should be sharply be involved in the procedure of tree planting, waste direction in the instance of towns every bit good as the saving of the natural wood. Dearth can besides be utilized with good established presentation schemes. This will assist minimise the hungriness related issues The early heating system centres ought to be established in instances where people get involved in amusing or unusual inclinations of drug maltreatment, offense every bit good as political instability. Such centres besides prepare persons merely encase at that place occurs such as those of the natural catastrophes.

Demography and Bioethics

Demography is the statistical study of human populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic human population, that is, one that changes over time or space. Populations can change through three processes: fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility involves the number of children that women have and is to be contrasted with fecundity Bioethics is the study of moral issues in fields of medical treatment and research, brought about by advances in biology and medicine. Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, and philosophy. Overpopulation is too many people in one space, is a condition where an organism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat. Once we recognize the fact that overpopulation is a problem and that increasing standards of living around the world will add to our resource-use and pollution-management challenges, it's tempting to start thinking that disease, poverty, and premature death are unfortunate but necessary. We must resist any such temptation and work toward better solutions. We should: * continue to strive to reduce suffering by combating disease and poverty around the world; * continue to improve resource efficiency and pollution control so that standards of living can rise without negative impact; and * Keep human population to numbers that are sustainable. On the population front, that means: * making sure people around the world have access to family planning services; * empowering women in developing countries economically, socially, and legally in a manner that results in them having an equal say (with their husbands) in reproductive decisions; * modifying school curricula to include information on population levels and implications for the future; * Reforming tax laws in a way that encourages couples to have no more than two children. (They would still be able to have as many kids as they want, but the tax code would no longer subsidize more than two.) People are a good thing, but population growth without limit is not. The US and all developed countries should reinvigorate their international efforts to slow population growth. The future of the world depends on it!